I encounter this often whenever I’m browsing through some websites, what is the purpose?
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The basic purpose of captcha is to distinguish between a machine and a human being. As a machine or robot can be used for filling forms with random data but a image or audio to be entered cannot be done by a robot or machine and hence a human only can do it. The step that makes you prove that you are a human is basically a captcha— Completely Automated Public Turing test to tell Computers and Humans Apart.
There are a lot of purposes that captchas serve, among them are; protection of the integrity of online polls by stopping hackers using robots to send in repeated false responses. Stop brute force attacks on online accounts in which hackers repeatedly try to log-in using hundreds of different passwords.
Prevent hackers from signing up for multiple email accounts that they’ll then go on to use for nefarious purposes. Stop cyber criminals spamming blogs or news content pages with dodgy comments and links to other websites.
Prevent ticket touts from using robots to bulk buy tickets for shows and gigs. To make online shopping more secure.