What is an embedded system Key Components 

Microcontroller or Microprocessor:

The core of an embedded system is typically a microcontroller or microprocessor. A microcontroller is a compact integrated circuit that combines a processor, memory, and input/output (I/O) peripherals, making it ideal for simple tasks. A microprocessor, on the other hand, focuses solely on processing power and often relies on external components for memory and I/O.

Memory:

Embedded systems include memory for storing code and data. This can range from volatile memory like RAM for temporary storage to non-volatile memory like flash memory for permanent storage.

Input/Output Interfaces:

Embedded systems interact with their environment through sensors (input) and actuators (output). They may also include communication interfaces like UART, SPI, or I2C for data exchange.

Software (Firmware):

The software or firmware is embedded into the hardware and governs the operation of the system. It is often optimized for efficiency and tailored to the system’s specific requirements.

Power Supply:

Many embedded systems are designed to operate on minimal power, making energy efficiency a critical consideration.

Characteristics of Embedded Systems

• Dedicated Functionality:A bespoke machinery are designed for specific tasks, such as controlling a washing machine, processing signals in a medical device, or enabling smart thermostat functions.
• Real-Time Operation: Many embedded systems operate in real-time, where timely responses are crucial for functionality, such as in automotive airbags or industrial robots.
• Resource Constraints: They are typically designed to operate with limited processing power, memory, and energy resources.
• Reliability and Stability: Embedded systems must function consistently, often in critical applications where failure is not an option.